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Bibliography

Abbe, J. E. (2020). History and Performance of Ugie-Oro Ritual Dance of the Benin People of Edo State. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 389–422). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Adams, J. (2010). Remarks on the Country Extending from Cape Palmas to the River Congo: Including Observations on the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants. G. and W.B. Whittaker.

Book
Historical account

Adebola, T., & Curtis, N. (2021, November 25). The Repatriation of Benin Bronze and Decolonisation of Museums: Views from the University of Aberdeen\*. University of Aberdeen. https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/the-repatriation-of-benin-bronze-and-decolonisation-of-museums-views-from-the-university-of-aberdeen/

Africa 6, White Book or Parliamentary Papers relating to the Massacre of British Officials near Benin and the consequent Punitive Expedition. Parliamentary Papers No. 6. (1898). Harrison and Sons.

Report
Benin History and Culture

Agbontaen, K. A. (1983). Benin Craft Guilds in a Time Perspective: A Study of Origins, Development and Change [Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Benin]. Available at University of Benin Library Nigeria, and The Robert Goldwater Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Thesis
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. (2018). The Guilds of Benin: Artefacts, Antiquities and Arts. In C. Benin Traditional (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 221–233). Benin City: Well-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation.

Book section
Benin Court Art

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (1988). Change and Continuity in Traditional Institutions. The Benin Example. In B. W. Andah (Ed.), Africa and the Lakato Hypothesis: Essays in Africa’s Social Archaeology (Vol. 18, pp. 111–124).

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (1997). Science and Technology in the Benin Environment. In J. O. Igbinokpogie, M. B. Lawal, & J. U. Ekhator (Eds.), The Benin Kingdom Historical and Environmental Perspectives. Lagos: NCF/WWF-UK.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (2003). A Toponymical Investigation of Benin City, Nigeria. Nomina Africana: Journal of the Names Society of Southern Africa, 17(2), 67–78.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A. (2018). From Oba Oranmiyan to Oba Ewuare II. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 65–96). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewuare Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A., & Okpoko, A. I. (2004). Curatorship of Benin Cultural Materials: Towards Integrating Indigenous and Orthodox Methods. African Study Monographs, 25(4), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.14989/68234

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Agbontaen-Eghafona, K. A., Ogunje, A. A., & Oladipupo, A. O. (1996). The Impluvium-Courtyard (Oto-Eghodo) in Indigenous Benin Architecture. The Nigeria Field, 61(1–2), 54–64.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Agheyisi, R. N. (1986). An Edo-English Dictionary. Ethiope Publishing Corporation.

Agorha database (n.d.). Carré, Louis. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/40ba4315-52eb-4f78-a0fe-c63fa6e20ccb

Webpage
Provenance

Agorha database (n.d.). Feuardent, Félix Bienaimé. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/4eb3bc3c-7638-4f8b-ba24-ac8f8af0db49

Webpage
Provenance

Agorha database (n.d.). Ratton, Charles. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/3db2faca-fb09-4e5b-bc7d-139119cf2260

Webpage
Provenance

Agorha database (n.d.). Rollin, Claude Camille. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://agorha.inha.fr/ark:/54721/f9c71ae9-6b9f-486a-9b35-73efdc146279

Webpage
Provenance

Agunloye, I. I. (2020). Gender Politics in Historiography of Pre-Colonial Benin. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 71–98). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Aigbe, E. I. (1960). Iyeva yan ariasen vbe itan Edo, na zedu ere ye Ebo = 1040 Edo proverbs, with their English translations. Lagos: Ribway Printers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (1991). Erediauwa, Prince of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (1995). Benin City: The Edo State Capital. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2006). The Edo man of the twentieth century. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2011). Iwu: The Body Markings of the Edo People (Second Edition). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2012). Ewuare: The Oba of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2013a). Aisien: Son of Erhunmwunsee and the British—The 1897 War. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2013b). Christianity and Benin City. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2014). Erediauwa Prince of Benin: AD 1816 Coup d’Etat (ed.). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2015). The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations (2nd Edition). Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2015). The Benin City Pilgrimage Stations. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2015a). Elegbe, Prince of Benin and the Orhionmwon territories: A history of Benin. Benin City: Aisien Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2017) The Eho Festival of the Benin Kingdom. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp.181-192). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2017). The Eho Festival of the Benin Kingdom. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 181–192). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Aisien, E. (2017). Ughoton. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture
Webpage
African History

Allingham, E. G. (1924). A Romance of the Rostrum; being the business life of Henry Stevens and the history of thirty-eight King street, together with some account of famous sales held there during the last hundred years. London: H. F & G. Witherby & Co.

Book
Provenance

Allman, R. (1897). With the Punitive Expedition to Benin CIty. The Lancet, 150(3853), 43–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)06870-8

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

American Alliance of Museums. (2022, November 18). Remarks from Benin Bronzes Repatriation Ceremony. American Alliance of Museums. https://www.aam-us.org/2022/11/18/remarks-from-benin-bronzes-repatriation-ceremony/

Anderson, H. (2021). Revealing Relationships: Colonial Photograph Albums of the Niger Delta at the British Museum: A Case Study. African Arts, 54(4), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00621

Journal Article
African History

Anderson, J. (2002). Chapter 4: From River Horses to Dancing Sharks: Canoes and Fish in Ijo Art and Ritual. In M. G. Anderson & P. M. Peek (Eds.), Ways of the rivers: Arts and environment of the Niger Delta (pp. 133–161). UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History.

Book section
Cultural History

Anderson, M. G., & Aronson, L. (Eds.). (2017). African Photographer J. A. Green. Indiana University Press. https://iupress.org/9780253028952/african-photographer-j-a-green/

Book
African Art History

Anguiano, M. de. (1950). Misiones capuchinas en Africa (Vol. 1). Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. http://archive.org/details/misionescapuchin00angu

Book
African History

Anguiano, M. de. (1950). Misiones capuchinas en Africa (Vol. 2). Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. http://archive.org/details/misionescapuchin02angu

Book
African History

Antique Dealers project website (n.d.). Fenton and Sons. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://antiquetrade.leeds.ac.uk/dealerships/33973

Webpage
Provenance

Aronson, L. (1980). History of Cloth Trade in the Niger Delta: A Study of Diffusion. Textile History, 11(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1179/004049680793691158

Journal Article
African Art History

Arts council of Great Britain. (1960). The Epstein collection of tribal and exotic sculpture. Arts council of Great Britain. Arts council of Great Britain.

Arts primitifs: Afrique (Mali, Haute-Volta, Côte-d’Ivoire : ancienne statuette de femme Dogon, masque Gouro, statue Senoufo, masques Dan, statuettes Baoulé, poulies de métier à tisser. Nigeria, Cameroun, Gabon, Zaïre : statuettes et masques Ibo, beau masque Yoruba, important manche de chasse-mouches en ivoire du Benin, grande défense en ivoire sculpté du Benin, rare tabouret Pende, statuette masculine Fang, figure d’ancêtre Bakota, tabourets et statuettes Luba, masques casques Kuba, ivoire Bakongo, deux cannes de chef Luba), Océanie (Nouvelle-Guinée, Nouvelle-Zélande, Nouvelles-Hébrides, Fidji, Marquises : anciennes statues crochets de Nouvelle-Guinée, Tiki maori en jade, pectoral Fidji, massue des Iles Marquises), Amérique (Colombie Britannique : hochet de shaman. Antilles : rare siège Arawak. Céramiques, bois, tissus précolombiens : Equateur, Pérou, Chavin, Vicus, Mochica, Lambayeque, Chimu, Chancay, Nazca) : vente, samedi 16 décembre 1978 à 15 h. (1978). Drouot Rive Gauche.

Atairu, M. (2021). Benin Bronze Tracker – Benin Bronze Tracker. http://beninbronzetracker.minneatairu.com/

Webpage
Benin Court Art

Auslander, M. (2016). Review of Chief S.O. Alonge: Photographer to the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria [Review of Review of Chief S.O. Alonge: Photographer to the Royal Court of Benin, Nigeria, by N. M. of A. Art]. African Arts, 49(1), 88–91.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Bacon, R., H. (1897). Benin, the City of Blood. Edward Arnold.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Baden Württemberg Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst. (2022, December 14). 70 Benin-Objekte aus der Sammlung des Linden-Museums an Nigeria übertragen. Baden-Württemberg.de. https://mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/70-benin-objekte-aus-der-sammlung-des-linden-museums-an-nigeria-uebertragen

Balfour, H. (1903). ‘Thunderbolt’ Celts from Benin. Man, 3, 182–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/2840539

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Balfour, H. (1929). Concerning Thunderbolts (Continued). Folklore, 40(2), 168–172.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Barbot, J. (1732). A description of the coasts of North and South-Guinea, and of Ethiopia Inferior, vulgarly Angola ... With appendix. [London] : [publisher not identified]. http://archive.org/details/b30453549

Book
Historical account

Bassani, E. and Fagg, W. B. (1988) Africa and the Renaissance: art in ivory. New York: The Center for African Art and Prestel-Verlag Pub.

Book
African Art History

Bassani, E., & Mcleod, M. D. (1989). Jacob Epstein collector. La Stamperia Artistica Nazionale.

Book
Provenance

Basu, P. (2016). N.W. Thomas and colonial anthropology in British West Africa: Reappraising a cautionary tale. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 22(1), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12335

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Basu, P. (2020) Celt. Sacred stone axes on Benin altars. [Re:]Entanglements blog, 29th April. https://re-entanglements.net/tag/celt/

Blog Post
Benin History and Culture

Basu, P. (2020, June 5). Ukhurhẹ – ancestors, archives, interventions [Blog]. [Re:]Entanglements. https://re-entanglements.net/ukhurhe/

Bedorf, F. (2021). Traces of History. Connecting the Kingdom of Benin with the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum in Cologne. Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln. Köln: Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum. http://www.museenkoeln.de/Downloads/rjm/Benin%20Bronzes%20RJM%20Report%20Bedorf_030321.pdf

Report
Provenance

Ben-Amos Girshick, P. (2007). The Symbolism of Ancestral Altars. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.). Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp. 151–160). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Ben-Amos, D. (1975). Sweet Words: Storytelling Events in Benin. Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Ben-Amos, P. (1971). Social Change in the Organization of Wood Carving in Benin City, Nigeria [Indiana University]. https://archive.org/details/socialchangeinor0000bena/page/n135/mode/2up?view=theater

Ben-Amos, P. (1973). Symbolism in Olokun Mud Art. African Arts, 6(4), 28–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334797

Ben-Amos, P. (1975). Professionals and Amateurs in Benin Court Carving. In D. F. McCall & E. G. Bay (Eds.), African Images: Essays in African Iconology: Vol. VI (pp. 170–179). New York: African Publishing Company for the African Studies Center, Boston University. https://archive.org/details/africanimagesess0006unse/page/90/mode/2up

Book section
Benin Court Art

Ben-Amos, P. (1975). Professionals and Amateurs in Benin Court Carving. In D. F. McCall & E. G. Bay (Eds.), African Images: essays in African Iconology: Vol. VI (pp. 170–179). African Publishing Company for the African Studies Center, Boston University. https://archive.org/details/africanimagesess0006unse/page/90/mode/2up

Ben-Amos, P. (1976). Men and Animals in Benin Art. Man, 11(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800208

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Ben-Amos, P. (1978). Owina N’Ido: Royal Weavers of Benin. African Arts, 11(4), 49–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/3335344

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Ben-Amos, P. (1983). The Power of Kings: Symbolism of a Benin Ceremonial Stool. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power/the Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 51–58). Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Ben-Amos, P. (1995). The Art of Benin (ed). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Book
Benin Court Art

Ben-Amos, P. (1999). Art, innovation, and politics in eighteenth-century Benin. Indiana University Press.

Bendel Arts Council (1993). The Bini Marriage Custom in Bendel State. The Research & Extension Services Division, Bendel Arts Council.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Biro, Y., Dagen, P., Maurice, D., Murphy, M., & Martin, S. (2013). Charles Ratton: L’invention des arts primitifs. Musée du Quai Branly: Skira Flammarion.

Book
Provenance

Blackmore, H. L. (1976). The Armouries of the Tower of London: Ordnance / H.L. Blackmore. 1. H.M. Stationery Office.

Book
Cultural History

Blackmun, B. (1988). From Trader to Priest in Two Hundred Years: The Transformation of Foreign Figures on Benin Ivories. Art Journal, 47(2), 128–138.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Blackmun, B. (1991). The Face of the Leopard: Its Significance in Benin Court Art. Bulletin, 44(2), 24–35.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Blackmun, B. W. (1983). Reading a Royal Altar Tusk. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 59–70). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Blackmun, B. W. (1984). The Iconography of Carved Ivory Tusks from Benin, Nigeria [PhD, University of California]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. https://www.proquest.com/docview/303299830/previewPDF/A4E818434F514F97PQ/1?accountid=9851

Thesis
Benin Court Art

Blackmun, B. W. (1990). Obas’ Portraits in Benin. African Arts, 23(3), 61–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336830

Blackmun, B. W. (1997). Ancestral Kings and Queens on Benin Sacred Ivories. In Kulte, Künstler, Könige in Afrika: Tradition und Moderne in Südnigeria (pp. 83–96). Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum.

Blackmun, B. W. (2007). Who are the Figures in Benin Art? Translations from Ivory to Bronze. In Benin Kings and Rituals : Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 161–169). Snoeck.

Blake, J. W. (John W. (1969). European beginnings in West Africa, 1454-1578; a survey of the first century of white enterprise in West Africa, with special emphasis upon the rivalry of the great powers. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press. http://archive.org/details/europeanbeginnin0000blak

Book
African History

Blench, R. M. (1995). The Work of N. W. Thomas as Government Anthropologist in Nigeria. Nigerian Field, 60, 20–28.

Journal Article
African History

Bodenstein, F. (2018). Notes for a Long-Term Approach to the Price History of Brass and Ivory Objects taken from the Kingdom of Benin in 1897. In C. Howald, B. Savoy, & C. Guichard (Eds.), Acquiring Cultures. World Art on Western Markets (pp. 276–288). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.

Book section
Provenance

Bodenstein, F. (2018, May 16). 1897-1900: William Downing Webster and the ivory tusks. Translocations. Ikonographie: A collection of commented image sources on cultural heritage relocations since antiquity. https://transliconog.hypotheses.org/kommentierte-bilder-2/william-downing-webster-and-the-ivory-tusks

Blog Post
Provenance

Bodenstein, F. (2018, October 19). Rawson and Moor: The Capture of Benin City (1897). Translocations. Anthologie: Eine Sammlung Kommentierter Quellentexte Zu Kulturgutverlagerungen Seit Der Antike. https://translanth.hypotheses.org/ueber/rawson-moor

Bodenstein, F. (2019). Cinq masques de l’Iyoba Idia du royaume de Bénin: Vies sociales et trajectoire d’un objet multiple. Perspective. La Revue de l’INHA, 2, 227–238.

Journal Article
Provenance, Benin Court Art

Bodenstein, F. (202). 'A Regular Harvest of Loot’, the Practice and Vocabulary of taking cultural objects: The case of Benin City in 1897. In B. Savoy, M. Lagatz, & F. Bodenstein (Eds.), Translocations. Histories of Dislocated Cultural Assets (pp. 220–241). Transcript.

Journal Article
Provenance

Bodenstein, F. (2020). Une typologie des prises de butin à Benin City en février 1897. Monde(s), 17(1), 57–77.

Journal Article
Provenance, Benin History and Culture

Bodenstein, F. (2021). Ein letztes Festhalten. 1961. In B. Savoy, M. Lagatz, & P. Sissis (Eds.), Beute: Ein Bildatlas zu Kunstraub und Kulturerbe (pp. 160–163). Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.

Book section
Provenance

Bodenstein, F. (2022). Getting the Benin Bronzes Back to Nigeria: The Art Market and the Formation of National Collections and Concepts of Heritage in Benin City and Lagos. In D. Otoiu, E.-M. Troelenberg, & F. Bodenstein (Eds.), Contested Holdings: Museum Collections in Political, Epistemic and Artistic Processes of Return (pp. 220–241). Berghahn Books.

Book section
Provenance, Benin Court Art

Boisragon, A. M. (1897). The Benin Massacre. Methuen & Co. https://archive.org/details/beninmassacre00bois_0

Book
Benin History and Culture

Borgatti, J. (2020). Beyond Benin: The Kingdom’s Cultural Impact. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 101–124). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Borgman, C. L. (2015). Big data, little data, no data: Scholarship in the networked world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Bosman, W. (1704). Nauwkeurige beschryving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slave-kust,: Nevens alle desselfs landen, koningryken, en gemenebesten, van de zeeden der inwoonders, hun godsdienst, regeering, regtspleeging, oorlogen, trouwen, begraven, enz. Mitsgaders de gesteltheid des lands, veld- en boomgewassen, alderhande dieren, zo wilde als tamme, viervoetige en kruipende, als ook ’t pluim-gedierte, vissen en andere zeldzaamheden meer, tot nog toe de Europeërs onbekend; t’Utrecht, : by Anthony Schouten, boekverkoper in de Korte Jans-straat. http://archive.org/details/nauwkeurigebesch00bosm_1

Book
Historical account

Botto, L. D. (2021). Skeletal dysplasias in art and antiquities: A cultural journey through genes, environment, and chance. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 187(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31908

Journal Article
Cultural History

Bowrey, K., & Anderson, J. (2009). The Politics of Global Information Sharing: Whose Cultural Agendas Are Being Advanced? Social & Legal Studies, 18(4), 479–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663909345095

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Bradbury, E. (Ed.) (1973). Benin studies. International African Institute, University Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Bradbury, R. E. (2018). Benin Studies. African Ethnographic Studies of the 20th Century (Vol. 10). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351031264

Book
Benin History and Culture

British Museum website (n.d.). Adm Sir George le Clerc Egerton. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG123071

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Capt Charles Campbell. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG121884

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Captain Ernest Percy Stuart Roupell. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG127770

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Dr John Patrick Howe. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG124649

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). George Fabian Lawrence. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG73407

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Lieutenant Dr Robert Allman. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG120638

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Lieutenant Herbert Alexander Child. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/AUTH230808

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Major General Sir Frederick William Bainbridge Landon. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125342

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Major William Alexander Crawford Cockburn. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG122242

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Ralph Frederick Locke. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG125641

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Rollin & Feuardent. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62838

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Sir Arthur Vyell Vyvyan. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/AUTH235064

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). Sir Ralph Moor. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG126392

Webpage
Provenance

British Museum website (n.d.). William F C Ohly. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG13014

Webpage
Provenance

Brown, K. (Ed.). (2020). The Routledge Companion to Digital Humanities and Art History. New York: Routledge.

Book
Digital humanities

Burdick, A. (Ed.). (2012). Digital Humanities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Burton, R. F. (1863). Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po (Vol. 1). London : Tinsley brothers. http://archive.org/details/wanderingsinwest01burt

Book
Historical account

Burton, R. F. (1863). Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po (Vol. 2). London : Tinsley brothers. http://archive.org/details/wanderingsinwest02burtiala

Book
Historical account

Buschmann, R. F. (n.d.). The Umlauff Family. Prominent Ethnographica Traders Based in Hamburg. Accessed on June 27 2022. https://www.oceanicart.com/PROVENANCE/Umlauff-Family/1

Webpage
Provenance

Cameron, F., & Kenderdine, S. (Eds.). (2010). Theorizing digital cultural heritage: A critical discourse. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Ceci, L. (2022). Mobile internet usage worldwide. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/779/mobile-internet/

Webpage
Digital humanities

Chander, A., & Sunder, M. (2004). The Romance of the Public Domain. California Law Review, 92(5), 1331. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481419

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Chapman, B. (1982). Ethnology in the Museum: A.H.L.F. Pitt Rivers (1827–1900) and the Institutional Foundations of British Anthropology [D.Phil, University of Oxford]. https://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/ethnology-in-the-museum.html

Chimurenga. (2020, January 2). Festac at 45: Steal Back the Treasure | Chimurenga. Chimurenga. https://chimurengachronic.co.za/stealing-back-the-treasure/

Christen, K. (2009). Access and Accountability: The Ecology of Information Sharing in the Digital Age. Anthropology News, 50(4), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2009.50404.x

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Christen, K., & Anderson, J. (2019). Toward slow archives. Archival Science, 19(2), 87–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09307-x

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Clapperton, H., Salamâe, A. V., & Lander, R. L. (1829). Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo. J. Murray. http://archive.org/details/journalofsecond00clap

Book
Historical account

Clarke, C., & Bourgeois, A. P. (2015). African art in the Barnes Foundation: The triumph of L’Art nègre and the Harlem Renaissance. Skira Rizzoli ; In association with the Barnes Foundation.

Exhibition catalogue
African Art History

Cohen, J. I. (2020). The Black Art Renaissance: African Sculpture and Modernism across Continents. Univ of California Press.

Colonial Collections Committee. (2024). Colonial Collections Committee Recommendation: 114 objects from the Benin collection of the Wereldmuseum (formerly the National Museum of World Cultures) (NG-2024-1). Colonial Collections Committee. https://committee.kolonialecollecties.nl/documents/2025/02/19/recommendation-nigeria

Colonial Collections Committee. (2024). Colonial Collections Committee Recommendation: 114 objects from the Benin collection of the Wereldmuseum (formerly the National Museum of World Cultures) (No. NG-2024-1). Colonial Collections Committee. https://committee.kolonialecollecties.nl/documents/2025/02/19/recommendation-nigeria

Colonial Collections Committee. (2024). Colonial Collections Committee Recommendation: Six objects from the Benin collection of the Wereldmuseum (NG-2024-1b). Colonial Collections Committee. https://committee.kolonialecollecties.nl/documents/2025/02/19/recommendation-nigeria

Colonial Collections Committee. (2024). Colonial Collections Committee Recommendation: Six objects from the Benin collection of the Wereldmuseum (No. NG-2024-1b). Colonial Collections Committee. https://committee.kolonialecollecties.nl/documents/2025/02/19/recommendation-nigeria

Connah, G. (1964). Polished Stone Axes in Benin. Nigerian National Press

Book
Benin History and Culture

Connah, G. (1975). The archaeology of Benin: Excavations and other researches in and around Benin City, Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Coombes, A. E. (1994). Reinventing Africa: Museums, material culture, and popular imagination in late Victorian and Edwardian England. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Book
Cultural History, African Art History

Coote, J., & Edwards, E. (1997). Images of Benin at the Pitt Rivers Museum. African Arts, 30(4), 26–35, 93. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337551

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Coulson, I., Hudson, J., & Nixon, S. (forthcoming). Shifting Approaches, Innovative Methods: Collection Histories as a Tool to Move Beyond William Fagg’s ‘Lower Niger Bronze Industry Mystery’. Artl@s Bulletin.

Journal Article
African Art History

Crow, H. (1830). Memoirs of ... Captain Hugh Crow of Liverpool. Comprising a narrative of his life, together with descriptive sketches of the Western coast of Africa. Particularly of Bonny; the manners and customs of the inhabitants, the productions of the soil, and the trade of the country. To which are added anecdotes and observations, illustrative of the negro character ... London : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. http://archive.org/details/b29330725

Book
Historical account

Curnow, K. (1983). The Afro-Portuguese Ivories: Classification And Stylistic Analysis Of A Hybrid Art Form. (Volumes I and II) (Sierra Leone, Benin). (Order No. 8317158). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (303158674). https://www.proquest.com/docview/303158674/4EB0CB27DF3D4361PQ/1?accountid=9851

Book
African Art History

Curnow, K. (1997). Prestige and the Gentleman: Benin’s Ideal Man. Art Journal, 56(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.1997.10791822

Curnow, K. (1997). Singular Identities: The Benin Bronze Dwarves. In S. Eisenhofer (Ed.), Kulte, Künstler, Könige in Afrika Tradition und Moderne in Südnigeria (pp. 83–96). ÖO Landesmuseum.

Book section
Benin Court Art

Curnow, K. (1997). The Art of Fasting: Benin’s Ague Ceremony. African Arts, 30(4), 46–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337553

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Curnow, K. (2007). Cultural Flow and Cultural Breakwaters: Art Connecting the Benin Kingdom with the Coast. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.). _Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria _(pp. 170–184). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Curtis, N. (2025). 125 Years Away From Home: The Return of a Benin Bronze from the University of Aberdeen. University Museums and Collections Journal (UMACJ), 17(1), 57–69. http://umac.icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/UMACj-17-1-2025-RR.pdf#page=59

Curtis, N. (n.d.). Return and Other Stories Returning a Benin Bronze to its rightful place Benin City. Museums Galleries Scotland. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk/advice-article/return-and-other-stories-returning-a-benin-bronze-to-its-rightful-place-benin-city/

Dafoe, T. (2022, June 15). In a Landmark Vote, the Smithsonian Institution Officially Approves the Return of 29 Benin Bronzes to Nigeria. Artnet News. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/smithsonians-board-votes-to-return-benin-bronzes-2131098

Dalton, O. M. (1898, January). Booty from Benin. The English Illustrated Magazine, 18(172), 419–429.

Magazine Article
Provenance, Benin Court Art

Dapper, O. (1668). Naukeurige beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche gewesten van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie ...: Getrokken uit verscheyde hedendaegse lantbeschrijvers en geschriften van bereisde ondersoekers dier landen. Jacob van Meurs. http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999

Book
Historical account

Dark, P. J. C. (1973). An introduction to Benin art and technology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Book
Benin Court Art

Dark, P. J. C. (1975). Benin Bronze Heads: Styles and Chronology. In E. G. Bay & D. F. McCall (Eds.), African images: Essays in African iconology: Vol. VI (pp. 25–103). New York: Africana Publishing Company for the African Studies Center, Boston University. http://archive.org/details/africanimagesess0006unse

Book section
Benin Court Art

Dark, P. J. C. (1982). An illustrated catalogue of Benin art. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall.

Book
Benin Court Art

Dark, P. J. C., Fuller, E. W. C., & Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. (1962). The Art of Benin: A Catalogue of an Exhibition of the A.W. F. Fuller and Chicago Natural History Museum Collections of Antiquities from Benin, Nigeria. Chicago Natural History Museum.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Dash, Mike (2013). ‘The Commoner Who Salvaged a King’s Ransom’. Smithsonian Magazine. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-commoner-who-salvaged-a-kings-ransom-153162/

Webpage
Provenance

Dau, J. (2022). Provenienzforschung zur Hamburger Benin-Sammlung. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin. Geraubte Geschichte (pp. 177–198). Hamburg: Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Provenance

Dawson, L. (1949). Sound of the Guns, being an account of the wars and service of Admiral Sir Walter Cowan. Oxford: Pen-in-Hand.

Book

Dean, C. (1983). The Individual and the Ancestral: Ikegobo and Ukhurhe. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 33–40). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin History and Culture

Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. (2018). Culture is Digital. Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/687519/TT_v4.pdf

Report
Digital humanities

Directorate-General for the Information Society and Media (European Commission) Now known as, Lévy, M., Niggemann, E., & De Decker, J. (2011). The new renaissance: Report of the "comité des sages on bringing Europe’s cultural heritage online. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/45571

Report
Digital humanities

Docherty, P. (2022). Blood and Bronze: The British Empire and the Sack of Benin. London: Hurst Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture, Provenance

Dorward, D. (2003). African Art and Artefacts in Antipodean Museums. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 25(1), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.374292847657752

Journal Article
African Art History, Provenance

Douglas, F. (1972). The Fish-Legged Figure in Benin and Yoruba Art. In F. Douglas & H. M. Cole (Eds.), African Art & Leadership (pp. 261–294). The University of Wisconsin Press.

Douglas, S., & Hayes, M. (2019). Giving Diligence Its Due: Accessing Digital Images in Indigenous Repatriation Efforts. Heritage, 2(2), 1260–1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020081

Journal Article
Digital humanities, Restitution

Dreadnought Project (2022). Edmund Radcliffe Pears. Accessed on June 27 2022. http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Edmund_Radcliffe_Pears

Webpage
Provenance

D’Ignazio, C., Klein, L. F., & Schnaubelt, T. (2020). Data Feminism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Ebohon, O. (2019). Eguae Oba N’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin (ed.). Benin City: Ebohon Centre Publication.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Ebohon, O. (2019). Eguae Oba N’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin, Second and Revised Edition. Benin City: Ebohon Centre Publications.

Book
Benin Court Art

Ebohon, Ọ. (1972). Cultural Heritage of Benin. Benin City: Midwest Newspaper Corporation.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Ebohon, Ọ. (1979). Eguae Oba n’Edo: The Palace of the Oba of Benin. Benin City: Eribo Printers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Eboreime, J. (1995). Nigerian Museums and the Presentation of the National Heritage in Perspective. Cambridge Anthropology, 18(1), 62–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23818698

Ebuka-Onuoha, I. P. (2018). Heroines and Queen Mothers of Benin Kingdom. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 239–266). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Edebiri, D. U. (2004). Moonlight at Noon. Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Edebiri, D. U. (2005). Benin Historical Essays (ed.). Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Edebiri, D. U. (2005). Benin Historical Essays. Benin City: Allen Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Ediagbonya, M. (2018). Oba Erediauwa: The Philosopher King. In Oba Ewuare II Foundation & Benin Traditional Council (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 361–395). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Edjabe, N. (Ed.). (2019). FESTAC ’77: 2nd World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture. Afterall Books.

Book
Restitution, African History

Edo, V. O. (2001). The Benin Monarchy, 1897-1978: A Study in Institutional Adaptation to Change [PhD Dissertation]. The University of Ibadan.

Thesis
Benin History and Culture

Edo, V. O. (2018). Oba Akenzua II: The Grandeur of Royalty. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 333–355). Benin CIty: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Edo, Victor Osaro. (2007) ‘Hierachy and Organization of the Benin Kingdom and Palace’ in B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp.91-102). Ghent: Snoeck.

Edomwonyi, O. (1981). A short biography of Uku Akpolokpolo, Omo N’oba N’edo Akenzua II, C.M.G., C.F.R., J.P. LL.D : Oba of Benin. Benin City: Bendel Newspapers Corporation.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Edomwonyi, O. (N/A). Benin Traditional Laws on Inheritance and Contract. Benin City: Ribway Printers Ltd.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. (1949). Benin law and customs. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Niger Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. (1969). Descriptive Catalogue of Benin Arts. Benin City: Eribo Printers.

Book
Benin Court Art

Egharevba, J. U. (1951). Some Stories of Ancient Benin (2nd ed.). Lagos: Ribway Printers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. U. (1956). Bini Titles. Benin City: Kopin-Dogba Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. U. (1968) A Short History of Benin. Fourth Edition. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. U. (1970). A Brief Life History of Evian. Benin City: Hollywood Printing Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Egharevba, J. U. (1971). The City of Benin. Benin City: Kraus Reprint.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Eghibamien, E. (2017). Ugie-Ewere. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 223–228). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Eisenhofer, S. & Peraldi, A. (2022). Die Sammlungen aus dem Reich Benin und aus Benin City im Museum Fünf Kontinente München, Munich, report is forthcoming and will be published on the website of the museum: https://www.museum-fuenf-kontinente.de/

Report
Provenance

Eisenhofer, S. (1997). Felix von Luschan and Early German-Language Benin Studies. African Arts, 30(3), 62–67.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Eisenhofer, S. (2007). Olokun’s Messengers: The Portuguese and the Kingdom of Benin. In Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 55–64). Snoeck.

Ekhator, O. G. (2017). Akobie: An Aspect of Childhood Ritual, Indigenous Education and Socialisation in Benin Kingdom. Umewaen: Journal of Benin and Edo Studies, 2, 41–60.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G. (2018). Usupkorhu: Defending the Oba and His Harem. In Benin Traditional Council Editorial Board & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 281–287). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G. (2020). Ame-Ogba: The Introduction and Provision of Pipe-Borne Water in Benin City 1897-1940s. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 296–315). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Ekhator-Obogie, O. G., & Imuentiyan, F. (2018). Oba Eweka II: The Resilience of the Monarchy. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 317–324). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Emeriewen, K. O., & Kalilu, R. O. R. (2015). Emerging trends in blacksmithing in Benin City, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts7(2), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.7559/citarj.v7i2.153

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Emovon, E. (2017). The Benin Traditional Marriage Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp. 93–114). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Enobakhare, E. L. (2017). Encyclopedia of Edo Culture. Benin City: Edo Orodin Ventures.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Enobakhare, G. N. I. (1980). Some Edo Number Games. Benin City: Geero Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Erediauwa, O. N. N., Uku Akpolokpolo (Ed.). (2004). I Remain, Sir Your Obedient Servant. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Erhahon, I. B. E. (1998). Ẹdo proverbs and figures of speech: Comprising 2,050 Ẹdo idiomatic expressions with English translation. Benin City: Uniben Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Evinma, O. (1974). Edo Culture (Modern Essays). Lagos: University of Lagos.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Eweka, E. B. (1992). Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles. Benin City: Uniben Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Exposition de bronzes et ivoires du royaume de Bénin, 15 juin-15 juillet 1932. (1932). Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Musée d’ethnographie, Palais du Trocadéro.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Eyo, E. (1997). The Dialectics of Definitions: ‘Massacre’ and ‘Sack’ in the History of the Punitive Expedition. African Arts, 30(3), 34–35.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Ezra, K. (2019). Barbara Winston Blackmun 1928–2018. African Arts, 52(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00442

Journal Article
African Art History

Ezra, K., & Perls, K. (1992). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://books.google.de/books?id=Q8PDPDRgO4sC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Book, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Fabian, J. (1983). Time and the Other: How anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press.

Book
Cultural History

Fagg, W. (1953). 261. The Allman Collection of Benin Antiquities. Man, 53, 165–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/2793922

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Fagg, W. (1990). In Memoriam: Margaret Plass 1896-1990. African Arts, 23(3), 32–32.

Journal Article
Provenance

Fagg, W. (1992). Le pillage qui n’eut jamais lieu/Benin: The Sack that never was. Art Tribal, (n° Spécial Benin), 37–42.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Fagg, W. B. (1963). Nigerian Images. London: Lund Humphries Publishers; Connecticut: Praeger.

Book
African Art History

Fagg, W. B. (1970). Divine Kingship in Africa. London: The British Museum.

Book
Cultural History

Fagg, W. B., Bassani, E., & Willett, F. (1991). One Hundred Notes on Nigerian Art from Christie’s Catalogues 1974-1990: A Selected Anthology (Vol. 7). Carlo Monzino.

Book
Provenance

Fagg, W. P., & Fagg, W. B. (1959). Afro-portuguese ivories. London: Batchworth Press.

Book
African Art History

Flint-Gohlke, L. (1993). Davis Museum and Cultural Center: History and holdings. Wellesley College. http://archive.org/details/davismuseumcultu0000unse

Book
Provenance

Folorunso, C. A. (2011). Ekpo Okpo Eyo (1931–2011). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 46(3), 363–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2011.609765

Foster's Auction House (1930). Catalogue of Highly Important Bronzes, Ivory & Wood Carvings from the Walled City of Benin, West Africa Forming the Collection of the late G.W. Neville, Esq., of Weylea, Weybridge, a member of the Benin Punitive Expedition, who himself removed them after the capture of the City in 1897. Thursday, May 1st, 1930, at the Galleries, 54, Pall Mall.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Foster’s Auction House. (1930). A Catalogue of West African, American and Oceanic Curios. Benin Bronzes and Ivory and Wood Carvings, Etc., from several collections Revd. E. E. Hill of West Malling, Admiral Seymour E. Erskine. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, June 26, 1930.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Foster’s Auction House. (1931). A Catalogue of Benin Bronzes, Ivory & Wood Carvings, West African, Mexican and Peruvian Curios and Native Weapons. The property of Capt. Shelford, also part of the collection of Dr. Robert Allman, C.M.G., and from various sources. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, November 26, 1931.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Foster’s Auction House. (1931). Catalogue of Fine Bronzes, Ivory and Wood Carvings from the Walled City of Benin, West Africa. The Property of an Officer who was in the Benin Expedition , and from various sources. Also Chinese bronzes, Iron Heads and Curios Consigned from Shanghai. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, July 16, 1931.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Foster’s Auction House. (1932). A Catalogue of Fine Benin Bronzes and Ivory Carvings and West African Native Wood Carvings and Curios. The Collection of a Naval Officer part of the Collection of the late Dr. Robert Allman various other Collections. Sold at 54 Pall Mall, Thursday, January 1, 1932.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Fraser, D., & Cole, H. M. (Eds.). (1972). African art & leadership. University of Wisconsin Press.

Freyer, B. (1987). Royal Benin Art In the Collection of the National Museum of African Art. Washington D.C.: The National Museum of African Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press.

Book
Benin Court Art

Friedel, J. & Peraldi, A. (2022). Provenienzforschung zu Sammlungsobjekten aus dem Reich Benin im Welkulturen Museum Frankfurt, report is forthcoming and will be published on the website of the museum: https://www.weltkulturenmuseum.de/en/

Report
Provenance

Gallwey, H. L. (1893). Journeys in the Benin Country, West Africa. The Geographical Journal, 1(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/1773754

Journal Article
Historical account

Galway, H. L. (1914). Lecture by Leit.-Colonel Sir Henry L. Galway, K.C.M.G., D.S.O., Before the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia on July 14, 1914. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 16, 77–105.

Journal Article
Historical account

Galway, H. L. (1938). Benin: Altars and Compounds. Ethnologica Cranmorensis, 3, 2–5.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture, Historical account

Geary, C. M. (1997). Early Images from Benin at the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution. African Arts, 30(3), 44–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337499

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

German Contact Point for Collections from Colonial Contexts: Benin-Bronzes in Germany. (2021). https://www.cp3c.org/benin-bronzes/

Webpage
Benin Court Art, Provenance

Gilbert, P. (2022). Nigerian Internet and mobile penetration grows. Connecting Africa. http://www.connectingafrica.com/author.asp?section_id=761&doc_id=767400

Newspaper Article
Digital humanities

Glasgow Life. (2022, July 4). Glasgow City Council approves repatriation of global cultural artefacts. Glasgow Life. https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/news/glasgow-city-council-approves-repatriation-of-global-cultural-artefacts/

Goodwin, A. J. H. (1957). Archaeology and Benin Architecture. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 1(2), 65–85.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Gore, C. (2007) ‘Conceptualising Royal, Community and Personal Shrines in the Edo Kingdom’ in B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp.131-140). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin History and Culture

Government Notice No. 25 Notice of Presidential Declaration - On the Recognition of Ownership and an Order Vesting Custody and Management of Repatriated Looted Benin Artefacts in the Oba of Benin Kingdom, 57, 110 25 A245 (2025). Lagos https://dailysceptic.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023-03-28-re-Oba-Federal-Republic-Of-Nigeria-Official-Gazette.pdf

Government of the Netherlands. (2025, June 18). Benin Bronzes from the Netherlands returning home to Nigeria. News. https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2025/06/18/benin-bronzes-from-the-netherlands-returning-home-to-nigeria

Griffin, G. G. (1974). A Memorial: J. Lionberger Davis, 1878-1973. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 33(2), 19–21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774531

Journal Article
Provenance

Groĭs, B. (2021). Logic of the collection. London: Sternberg Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Grunne, B. de. (2021). Benin: Ivory Scepters. Brussels: B. de Grunne. https://vebuka.com/print/210817121523-7276ac6376d3d443115275a7239d926f/Benin_-_Ivory_Scepters

Book
Benin Court Art

Gunsch, K. W. (2018). The Benin Plaques. A 16th century Imperial Monument. Routledge.

Book
Benin Court Art

Gunsch, K.W. (2017). The Benin Plaques: A 16th Century Imperial Monument. London: Routledge. doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351254601

Book
Benin Court Art

Habib, J. (2014). Encounters and the Diasporic Art of Africa: An Interview with Allyson Purpura, Curator of African Art, Krannert Art Museum, University of Illinois. Anthropologica, 56(1), 229–237.

Journal Article
African Art History

Hagen, K. (1906). Altertümer von Benin im Hambugischen Museum für Völkerkünde, Teil II. In Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg (p. 90). Kommissionverlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem. https://archive.org/embed/mitteilungenausd5619hamb

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Hakluyt, R. (2014). A voyage to Benin beyond the countrey of Guinea made by Master James Welsh, who set foorth in the yeere 1588. In The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (Vol. 6, pp. 450–458). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107286306.056

Book section
Benin History and Culture, Historical account

Hale & Son. (1897). Catalogue of a collection of Carved Ivory Tusks and Metal Idol, Belle & C., (Captured at the fall of Benin City), And supposed to be some thousands of years old. To be sold by Auction by Hale & Son.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Hales, R., & Conru, K. (2016). W. O. Oldman: The Remarkable Collector. Published by the authors.

Book
Provenance

Hall, H. A. (1928). A Large Drum from Benin. The Museum Journal, XIX(2), 130–143. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/journal/19-2/large_drum_benin.pdf

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Hans, R., Lidchi, H., & Schmidt, A. (2021). Provenance # 2: The Benin collections at the National Museum of World Cultures (F. W. Veys, Ed.; Vol. 2). Sidestone Press; National Museum van Wereldculturen. https://issuu.com/tropenmuseum/docs/2021_provenance_2__benin__e-book

Report
Provenance

Harding, L. (2010). Das Königreich Benin: Geschichte - Kultur - Wirtschaft. De Gruyter Oldenbourg.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Harris, G. (2022, April 14). Glasgow museums to return 49 looted objects—including Benin bronzes—in biggest restitution in Scottish history. The Art Newspaper - International Art News and Events. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/04/14/glasgow-museums-to-return-49-looted-objectsincluding-benin-bronzesin-biggest-restitution-in-scottish-history

Hart, W. A. (1995). African Art in the National Museum of Ireland. African Arts, 28(2), 35–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337224

Journal Article
African Art History

Hatt, M. (2006). Art history : a critical introduction to its methods. Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press ; New York : Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave. http://archive.org/details/arthistorycritic0000hatt

Hellman, A. H. (2014). The Grounds for Museological Experiments: Developing the Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria. Journal of Curatorial Studies, 3(1), 74–96. https://doi.org/10.1386/jcs.3.1.74_1

Journal Article
Cultural History

Hellman, A. H. (n.d.). Developing The Colonial Museum Project in British Nigeria [Ph.D., Emory University]. Retrieved 29 July 2022, from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1467753209/295A2ED7A8054724PQ/1

Thesis
Cultural History

Herbert, E. W. (1984). Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Book
Cultural History

Hertzog A. & Uzebu-Imarhiagbe E. (2023) Collaborative Provenance Research in Swiss Public Collections from the Kingdom of Benin, https://rietberg.ch/files/Forschung/Benin-Initiative/Bios-Statements-Photos_Nigeria-Delegation_Feb2023/20230202_BIS_report_def.pdf

Report
Provenance

Hess, C. (1983). Unconventional Carving: Stools and Coconut Shells. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 41–48). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Hicks, D. (2020). The Brutish Museums. The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture, Provenance

Hicks, D. (2021). The University of Oxford's Benin 1897 Collections: an Interim Report. Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/prm/documents/media/benin_collections_interim_report_dan_hicks-2.pdf

Report
Provenance

Ho, K. K. (2025, July 3). MFA Boston Restitutes Two Gifted Artifacts to Kingdom of Benin. ARTnews.Com. https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/mfa-boston-returns-benin-bronze-robert-owen-lehman-1234746813/

Home, R. (1982). City of blood revisited: A new look at the Benin expedition of 1897. London: Rex Collings.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Hooland, S. van, & Verborgh, R. (2014). Linked data for libraries, archives and museums: How to clean, link and publish your metadata. London: Facet Publishing.

Book
Digital humanities

Horniman Museum and Gardens. (n.d.). Horniman to return ownership of Benin bronzes to Nigeria - Horniman Museum. Horniman Museum and Gardens. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://www.horniman.ac.uk/story/horniman-to-return-ownership-of-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria/

Horniman Museum and Gardens. (n.d.). Six objects to return to Nigeria as Horniman formally transfers ownership of ‘Benin Bronzes.’ Horniman Museum and Gardens. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://www.horniman.ac.uk/story/six-objects-to-return-to-nigeria-as-horniman-formally-transfers-ownership-of-benin-bronzes/

Hull, R., W. (1992). L’art du Bénin: Instrument de pouvoir/ Benin Art as Power. Art Tribal, Special Issue, Art royal du Bénin = Royal art of Benin. Musée Barbier-Mueller, 5–20.

Ickeringill, N. (1966, October 24). The Schindlers Share Their Home With a Large Family—Of Sculptures; Maybe Stanford White. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/24/archives/the-schindlers-share-their-home-with-a-large-familyof-sculptures.html

Newspaper Article
Provenance

Igbafe, P. A. (1970). The Fall of Benin: A Reassessment. The Journal of African History, 11(3), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700010215

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Igbafe, P. A. (1979). Benin under British administration: The impact of colonial rule on an African kingdom, 1897-1938. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Igbafe, P. A. (2007). A history of the Benin Kingdom: an Overview. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals : Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 41–54). Snoeck.

Igbafe, P. A. (2016). The Nemesis Of Power: Agho Obaseki And Benin Politics, 1897-1956 (ed). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Igbafe, P. A. (2018). Oba Ovonramwen N’Ogbaisi: The Last King of Independent Benin Kingdom. In Benin Traditional Council & Oba Ewuare II Foundation (Eds.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 295–309). Benin City: Wells-Crimson Limited and Oba Ewaure II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Igbe, S. O. U. (2017). Izomo—The Benin Traditional Naming Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 123–130). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Igbe, S. O. U. (2017). The Nine Gates of Old Benin City. In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 303–306). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Igbe, S. O. U. (2019). Uzama and the Benin Monarchy. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Igiehon, I. (2017) The Traditonal Burial Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). In From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage. (pp.229-240). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Igiehon, I. (2017). The Traditional Burial Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 229–240). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Ikponmwonsa, F. (2020). Gelegele and the Origin of the Benin (Ughoton) and Izon Conflict Since the 1960s. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 316–332). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Illner, E., Wilde, M., Ising-Alms, H., & Tisa-Francini, E. (2013). Eduard von der Heydt: Kunstsammler, Bankier, Mäzen. München: Prestel Verlag.

Exhibition catalogue
Provenance

Inneh, D. (2007). The Guild Working for the Palace. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp. 103–117). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Iowa Public Radio. (2024, July 31). Stanley Museum of Art becomes first U.S. institution to return Benin Bronzes directly to Nigerian royal family. Iowa Public Radio. https://www.iowapublicradio.org/arts-life/2024-07-31/university-of-iowa-stanley-museum-art-history-benin-bronzes-nigeria

Isekhure, N. (2017). Origin and Significance of Igue Festival. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.), From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 203–221). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

JSCU (Jesus College Students Union). 2016. “JCSU Ordinary General Meeting Minutes,” 18 February. Unpublished meeting minutes.

Restitution
Restitution

Janke, T. (1998). Our Culture: Our Future – Report on Australian Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights. Canberra: AIATSIS. https://www.terrijanke.com.au/our-culture-our-future

Report
Restitution

Jesus College returns Benin Bronze in world first | Jesus College in the University of Cambridge. (2021, October 27). Jesus College Cambridge. https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/articles/jesus-college-returns-benin-bronze-world-first

Johansson, S.O., & Learmonth, J. (1967). Nigerian Currencies: Manillas, cowries and others (ed.) Norrköping: Alfa-Tryck.

Book
Cultural History

Jones, F. F. (1974). J. Lionberger Davis: His Gifts to the Art Museum. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 33(2), 21–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774532

Journal Article
Provenance

Jones, G. I. (1974). Social Anthropology in Nigeria During the Colonial Period. Africa, 44(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.2307/1158394

Journal Article
African History

Junge, P. (2007). Age Determination of commemorative Heads: The Example of the Berlin Collection in B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp.184-197). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Jungwirth, M. (1968). Benin in den Jahren 1485-1700. Ein Kulturund Geschichtsbild. Verl. Notring

Thesis, Book
Benin History and Culture

Kaplan, F. E. S. (1993). Images of the Queen Mother in Benin Court Art. African Arts, 26(3), 55–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3337152

Kaplan, F. E. S. (1993). Iyoba, the Queen Mother of Benin: Images and Ambiguity in Gender and Sex Roles in Court Arts. Art History, 16(3), 386–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.1993.tb00533.x

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Kaplan, F. E. S. (2006). Making and Remaking National Identities. In A Companion to Museum Studies (pp. 152–169). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996836.ch10

Book section
African History

Kaplan, F. E. S. (2007). Women in Benin Society. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.). Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (pp. 141-150). Ghent: Snoeck.

Kaplan, F. E. S., & Shea, M. A. (1981). Images of Power. Art of the Royal Court of Benin. Museum Studies Program, New York University.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Karpinski, P. (1984). A Benin Bronze Horseman at the Merseyside County Museum. African Arts, 17(2), 54–62, 88–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336222

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Katyal, S. K. (2017). Technoheritage. California Law Review, 105(4). https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38PN8XF0T

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Keating, J. (2026, February 8). Cambridge University returns legal ownership of 116 Benin artefacts to Nigeria’s National Commission for Museums and Monuments. University of Cambridge. University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/benin-artefacts-return

Webpage
Restitution

Kehinde, A. (2023). Reminiscing the Contributions of Six Scholars of the Nigerian Art History. Journal of Creative Arts, Communication and Media Studies, 2(1), 94–107. https://journal.ku.ac.ke/index.php/JCCM/article/view/466

Kilb, A., & Trinks, S. (2019, January 3). Streitgespräch über Beutekunst: War Humboldt Kolonialist? Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. FAZ. https://www.faz.net/-gsf-9i9s0

Newspaper Article
Cultural History

Krabbe Meyer, M. K., & Odumosu, T. (2020). One-Eyed Archive: Metadata Reflections on the USVI Photographic Collections at The Royal Danish Library. Digital Culture & Society, 6(2), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0204

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Landolphe, J.-F. (1823). Mémoires du capitaine Landolphe,: Contenant l’histoire de ses voyages pendant trente-six ans, aux côtes d’Afrique et aux deux Amériques; A Paris : Chez Arthus Bertrand, libraire, rue Hautefeuille, no 23 : Pillet ainé, imprimeur-libraire, rue Christine, no 5. http://archive.org/details/mmoiresducapitai02land

Book
Historical account

Lang, S., Nicklisch, A., Oestermann, T., & Schulz, R. (2021). Den Sammlern auf der Spur: Provenienzforschung zu kolonialen Kontexten am Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim 2017/18. (C. Andratschke, Hrsg.). Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net. https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.742

Book
Provenance

Langmead, A., Berg-Fulton, T., Lombardi, T., Newbury, D., & Nygren, C. (2018). A Role-Based Model for Successful Collaboration in Digital Art History, International Journal for Digital Art History, No. 3.

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Lawson-Tancred, J. (2022, December 16). Cologne Hands Back 92 Benin Bronzes to Nigeria, But a Few Will Remain in Germany on Long-Term Loan. Artnet News. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-bronzes-cologne-2231179

LeGall, Y. (2024). ‘Punitive’ Expeditions in German Colonial Contexts in Africa. History, 109(386–387), 308–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.13407

LeGall, Y., & Adjei, S. K. (2024). Fifteen Colonial Thefts. A Guide to Looted African Heritage in Museums. Pluto Books.

Lidchi, H. (2022). Koloniale Logiken und mit Benin City zusammenhängende Regiments Sammlungen. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin. Geraubte Geschichte (pp. 98–108). Hamburg: MARKK. Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Provenance, Benin History and Culture

Lidchi, H., & Allan, S. (Eds.). (2020). Dividing the spoils: Perspectives on military collections and the British empire. Manchester University Press.

Lincoln, M. D. (2016). Linked Open Realities: The Joys and Pains of Using LOD for Research. Matthew Lincoln, PhD. https://matthewlincoln.net/2016/06/06/linked-open-realities-the-joys-and-pains-of-using-lod-for-research.html

Blog Post
Digital humanities

Linser, M. (2019, July 23). 1898-1899: Wenn Kulturgüter zu Waren werden. Verkauf einer Breslauer Benin-Sammlung. Translocations. Ikonographie: Eine Sammlung kommentierter Bildquellen zu Kulturgutverlagerungen seit der Antike. https://transliconog.hypotheses.org/kommentierte-bilder-2/1898-99-wenn-kulturgueter-zu-waren-werden-verkauf-einer-breslauer-benin-sammlung

Blog Post
Provenance

Lixinski, L. (2020). Digital Heritage Surrogates, Decolonization, and International Law: Restitution, Control, and the Creation of Value as Reparations and Emancipation. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2 (6), 65–86. https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.20.011.13014

Journal Article
Restitution

Long, R. A. (1993). Margaret Webster Plass: 1896-1990. African Arts, 26(2), 91–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337141

Journal Article
Provenance

Loukissas, Y. A. (2019). All Data Are Local: Thinking Critically in a Data-Driven Society. Cambridge: Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?bknumber=8709328

Book
Digital humanities

Lukavic, J. (2023, September 21). Updates on Benin Artworks at the DAM. Denver Art Museum. https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/blog/updates-benin-artworks-dam

Lundén, S. (2024). Distorting history in the restitution debate. Dan Hicks’s The Brutish Museums and fact and fiction in Benin historiography. International Journal of Cultural Property, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739124000225

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Tafel 1-50) (Vol. 2). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand2/

Book
Benin Court Art

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Tafel 51-129) (Vol. 3). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand3/

Book
Benin Court Art

Luschan, F. von. (1919). Die Altertümer von Benin (Textband) (Vol. 1). Georg Reimer. https://www.about-africa.de/buecher/AltertuemerVonBeninBand1/index.htm

Book
Benin Court Art

Luther, A., Neely, L., & Weinard, C. (2019). Cultural Collections as Data: Aiming for Digital Data Literacy and Tool Development – MW19 | Boston. https://mw19.mwconf.org/proposal/cultural-collections-as-data-aiming-for-digital-data-literacy-and-tool-development/index.html

Book
Digital humanities

Lóscio, B. F., Burle, C., & Calegari, N. (2017). Data on the Web Best Practices. https://www.w3.org/TR/dwbp/

Webpage
Digital humanities

MARKK. (2021, December 17). Benin. Looted History. MARKK. https://markk-hamburg.de/en/ausstellungen/benin-looted-history/

Malaquais, D., & Vincent, C. (2024, February 7). Festac: Idia Tales – Three Takes and a Mask\* | Chimurenga. Chimurenga. https://chimurengachronic.co.za/idia-tales-three-takes-and-a-mask/

Marquart, J. (1913). Die Benin-Sammlung des Reichsmuseums für Völkerkunde in Leiden: Beschrieben und mit ausführlichen Prolegomena zur Geschichte der Handelswege und Völkerbewegungen in Nordafrika. E.J. Brill.

Book
Benin Court Art

McClelland, E. (1971). The kingdom of Benin in the sixteenth century. Oxford University Press.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Melzian, Hans. (1937). A Concise Dictionary Of The Bini Language Of Southern Nigeria. http://archive.org/details/MelzianAConciseDictionaryOfTheBiniLanguageOfSouthernNigeria1937

Merriman, N. (2024). Returning the Benin Bronzes: A Case Study of the Horniman’s Restitution (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56101-6

Metzig, G. (2016). Corals, Brass and Firearms. Material Commodities in Cultural Interactions between Edo and Portuguese in Benin around 1500. In H. Rudolph (Ed.), Band 17 Material Culture in Modern Diplomacy from the 15th to the 20th Century (pp. 29-54). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110463217-002

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1940). 155. Four Pre-Portuguese Bronze Castings from Benin. Man, 40, 129–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2792979

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1941). Ancient Nigerian Bronzes-II. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 79(463), 121–126.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Meyerowitz, E. L. R. (1943). Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 83(487), 248–253.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Mille, P. (1900). Exposition de la Côte d’Ivoire: catalogue raisonné. par Pierre Mille. L. Frédéric-Hébert.

Mooren, J., Stutje, K., & Vree, F. van. (2022). Clues: Research into provenance history and significance of cultural objects and collections acquired in colonial situations. NIOD, Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Rijksmuseum. https://d3mb4k8bvt6xe4.cloudfront.net/2022-03/Clues_Final_Report\_PPROCE.pdf

Moss, B. (12 December 2022). Return of University museum’s 116 looted artefacts is approved. Varsity Online. Retrieved June 26, 2026, from https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/24753

Newspaper Article, Webpage
Restitution

Moynihan, C., & Mashberg, T. (2025, April 25). Museum’s Benin Bronzes Are Reclaimed by Wealthy Collector. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/25/arts/design/benin-bronzes-museum-fine-arts-boston-lehman.html

Murray, K. C. (1942). Art in Nigeria: The Need for a Museum. Journal of the Royal African Society, 41(165), 241–249.

Journal Article
African Art History

Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. (n.d.). Our approach to the return of museum objects. University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved June 26, 2026, from https://maa.cam.ac.uk/about/our-approach-return-museum-objects

Webpage
Restitution

Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (n.d.). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Returns Two Works of Art to the Oba of Benin | Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://www.mfa.org/press-release/mfa-boston-returns-two-works-of-art-to-oba-of-benin

Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (n.d.). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, to Close Benin Kingdom Gallery on April 28 | Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://www.mfa.org/press-release/mfa-to-close-benin-kingdom-gallery

Musée Barbier-Müller Genève. (1992). Art royal du Bénin = Royal art of Benin. Association des amis du Musée Barbier-Mueller.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Mutonga, S. (2025, August 1). More than Mere Returns: Restitution and Repair Work at the Denver Art Museum | Denver Art Museum. Denver Art Museum. https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/blog/more-mere-returns-restitution-and-repair-work-denver-art-museum

N. W. Thomas. (n.d.). [Re:]Entanglements. Retrieved 23 May 2023, from https://re-entanglements.net/thomas/

Webpage
Benin History and Culture

Neaher Maas, N., & Peek, P. M. (2020). Summoning the Ancestors: Southern Nigerian Bronzes. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum UCLA.

Book
African Art History

Nevadomsky, J. (1984). A Note on the Benin Bronze Horseman. African Arts, 17(4), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336151

Nevadomsky, J. (1986). The Benin Bronze Horseman as the Ata of Idah. African Arts, 19(4), 40–47, 85. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336286

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J. (1987). Brass Cocks and Wooden Hens in Benin Art. Baessler-Archiv, NF 35, 221–247.

Nevadomsky, J. (1988). Kemwin-Kemwin: The Apothecary Shop in Benin City. African Arts, 22(1), 72–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336693

Nevadomsky, J. (1989). The iconography of Benin brass rings. Tribus, 38, 59–70. https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/1510314786752/61/LOG_0042/

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J. (1989). The iconography of Benin brass rings. Tribus, Tribus, 38, 59–70. https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/1510314786752/61/LOG\_0042/

Nevadomsky, J. (1997). Palace of Benin. In P. Oliver (Ed.), Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3, pp. 2037–2038). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofve0000unse_v8x6

Book section
Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J. (1997). Signifying Animals: The Leopard and Elephant in Benin Art and Culture. In S. Eisenhofer (Ed.), Kulte, Künstler, Könige in Afrika: Tradition und Moderne in Südnigeria (pp. 97–108). OÖ Landesmuseum.

Nevadomsky, J. (2005). Casting in Contemporary Benin Art. African Arts, 38(2), 66–96.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J. (2015). Photographic Representations of the Oba in the Contemporary Art of the Benin Kingdom. Critical Interventions, 9(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/19301944.2016.1159474

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J. (2020). The Benin Army and Armaments in Benin Kingdom Cultural History. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 159–190). Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Nevadomsky, J. (2020). The Identification of the “Bird of Prophecy” in Benin Kingdom Art. African Arts, 53(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00516

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Nevadomsky, J., & Aisien, E. (1995). The Clothing of Political Identity: Costume and Scarification in the Benin Kingdom. African Arts, 28(1), 62–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337251

Nevadomsky, J., & Lawson, N. (2019). The Dating Game: The Scientific Analysis of Benin Copper-Alloy Art-From TL to 21°Pb. Open Access Journal of Archaeology & Anthropology, 1(5), 1–9. https://irispublishers.com/oajaa/fulltext/the-dating-game-the-scientific-analysis-of-benin-copper-alloy-art-from.ID.000525.php

Nevadomsky, J., Lawson, N., & Hazlett, K. (2014). An Ethnographic and Space Syntax Analysis of Benin Kingdom Nobility Architecture. African Archaeological Review, 31(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9151-x

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Nicklin, K. (1981). Ethnography at the Powell-Cotton Museum. Newsletter (Museum Ethnographers Group), 11, 35–41.

Magazine Article
Cultural History

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Norborg, Å. (1992). The musical instruments of the Edo-speaking peoples of south-western Nigeria. Stockholm: Musikmuseets.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Obazee, G. O. (2020). The Writing of Edo Language. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 353–371). Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Odumosu, T. (2020). The Crying Child: On Colonial Archives, Digitization, and Ethics of Care in the Cultural Commons. Current Anthropology, 61(S22), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1086/710062

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Okafor, M., & Burchell, H. (2026, February 10). Looted African artefacts to be returned by Cambridge University [News]. BBC. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g2l9j0ny1o

Newspaper Article, Webpage
Restitution

Okpokunu, E., Agbontaen‐Eghafona, K. A., & Ojo, P. O. (2005). Benin dressing in contemporary Nigeria: Social change and the crisis of cultural identity. African Identities, 3(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840500235506

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Omo N’Oba Erediauwa (2007). Introductory Note. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.). Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. (p. 13). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section
Benin Court Art, Benin History and Culture

Omokhodion, D. (1986). Features of Benin Art. ASM, 6, 67-70.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Omoregbe, E. (2020). Basic Linguistic Features in Edo Writing System: A Case for Uniformity. In U. Usanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 335–352). Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, I. P. (2012). Heroines in Pre-Colonial Benin, their Lives and Transformation: Brave women. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997a). Great Benin 1: The Age of Iso Norho (850 BC-600 AD) (Vol. 1). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997b). Great Benin 2: The Age of Odionwere (600-900 AD) (Vol. 2). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997c). Great Benin 3: The Age of Ogiso Foundation (900-1050 AD) (Vol. 3). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997d). Great Benin 4: The Age of Ogiso Reform (1050-1130 AD) (Vol. 4). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (1997e). Great Benin 5: The Age of Ikaladerhan (1130-1200 AD) (Vol. 5). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (2009). Ero and the Kings of Benin: A History of the Ero Heritage in Benin (930—2000 AD). NERASO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoregie, O. S. B. (2010). Iyase and the Kings of Benin: A History of Iyase Leadership in Benin 1250—2000AD. NARESO Publishers Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoruyi, A. (1981). Benin Anthology: Vol. 1. Benin City: Cultural Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Omoruyi, A. (1986). Benin Series: A New Dimension in Benin Studies. Nigerian Review of Art, Culture & History (Vol. 1). Benin City: Cultural Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Onwuka Dike Kenneth, 1962 The Study of African History, conference proceedings presented at the First International Congress of Africanists, University of Ghana, Accra, pp.1-27, manuscript version at the médiatique of the musée du quai Branly, MH Z 2542.

Conference proceeding
African History

Open Restitution Africa. (2022). Access for Who? Open Restitution Africa. https://openrestitution.africa/resources/podcast/

Report
Restitution

Oronsaye, D. N. (1995). The History of Ancient Benin Kingdom and Empire. Daniel Nabuleleorogi Oronsaye.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osadolor, B. (2018). ‘Benin Kingdom: The Growth of an African Civilisation’. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.), The Benin Monarchy: An Anthology of Benin History (pp. 9–22). Benin City: Wells-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Osadolor, O. B. (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440—1897 [PhD, University of Hamburg]. https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/3156/2/Disse.pdf

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osadolor, O. B. (2001a). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, 1440-1897. University of Hamburg.

Thesis
Benin History and Culture

Osadolor, O. B. (2007). Warfare, Warriors and Weapons in the Pre-Colonial Kingdom of Benin. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 73–81). Ghent: Snoeck.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Osadolor, O. B. (2021). The Benin Sculptures: Colonial Injustice and the Restitution Question. In T. Sandkühler, A. Epple, & J. Zimmerer (Eds.), Geschichtskultur durch Restitution? Ein Kunst-Historikerstreit (pp. 207–222). Böhlau Verlag.

Book section
Restitution

Osagie, E. (2017). Emorho: The New Yam Ceremony. In S. O. U. Igbe (Ed.). From Birth to Death: A Cultural Voyage (pp. 203–222). Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Osawaru, I. R., & Eghafona, K. A. (2004). An Assessment of the Benin Guild of Bronze Casters for Tourism Potentials in Nigeria. South-South Journal of Culture and Development, 6(2), 81–103.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Osemwegie, I. (1965). Poems in Bini. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (1999). The History of Benin: Ogiso Dynasties (40 BC-1200 AD). Benin City: Ero Publishers.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2000). Guideline on Traditional Marriage and Order of Celebration in Benin Kingdom. Benin City: Erosa Sunlink Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2003). Igue and Other Festivals in Benin Kingdom. Benin City: Osunero Consult Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osemwegie-Ero, O. (2008). A History of Ero Family and the Seven Kingmakers of Benin Kingdom (1200-2008 A.D). Benin City: Osun Ero Consult Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Osemwengie-Ero, O., & Owie, S. (2016). The Benin Monarchy and Ogiamien Connection: The Historical Facts. Benin City: Mindex Publishing Company Limited.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Paudrat, J.-L. (2000). Les classiques de la sculpture africaine au palais du Louvre. In J. Kerchache & V. Bouloré (Eds.), Sculptures: Afrique, Asie, Océanie, Amériques [exposition, Paris], Musée du Louvre, Pavillon des Sessions. [organisée par le] Musée du quai Branly. [direction scientifique du catalogue Jacques Kerchache assisté de Vincent Bouloré] (pp. 44–57). Réunion des musées nationaux.

Pavis, M., & Wallace, A. (2019). Response to the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report: Statement on Intellectual Property Rights and Open Access relevant to the digitization and restitution of African Cultural Heritage and associated materials. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2620597

Journal Article
Restitution

Pavis, M., & Wallace, A. (2020). SCuLE Response for the EMRIP Report on repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3760293

Report
Restitution

Peek, P. M. (2020). The Lower Niger Bronzes: Beyond Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, and Benin. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003016229

Book
African Art History

Pendergrass, K. L., Sampson, W., Walsh, T., & Alagna, L. (2019). Toward Environmentally Sustainable Digital Preservation. The American Archivist, 82(1), 165–206. https://doi.org/10.17723/0360-9081-82.1.165

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Penny, H. G. (2002). Objects of Culture: Ethnology and Ethnographic Museums in Imperial Germany. University of North Carolina Press.

Book
Cultural History

Peraldi, A. (2017). Oba Akenzua II’s restitution requests. Kunst&Kontext, 13, 23–33. https://doi.org/http://audreyperaldi.com/txt/2017_oba_akenzua_II_restitution\_requests.pdf

Peraldi, A., & Schlothauer, A. (2020). Objekte aus dem Königreich Benin in Schweizer Museen. Kunst Und Kontext, 20, 4–25. http://audreyperaldi.com/txt/2020_peraldi_schlothauer_Objekte_aus_dem_Koenigreich_Benin_in_Schweizer_Museen.pdf

Journal Article
Provenance

Pereira, D. P. (1937). Esmeraldo De Situ Orbis. The Hakluyt Society; London. http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1658

Book
Cultural History

Pezzati, A. (2012). A Brief History of the Penn Museum. Expedition, 54(3), 5–19. https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/54-3/A_Brief_History.pdf

Journal Article
Cultural History

Phillips, B. (2021). Loot: Britain and the Benin Bronzes.. London: Oneworld Publications.

Book
Benin History and Culture, Provenance

Pinnock, J. (1897). Benin: The surrounding country, inhabitants, customs, and trade. Liverpool Journal of Commerce. http://archive.org/details/beninsurrounding00pinn

Journal Article
Historical account

Pitt-Rivers, A. H. L.-F. (1900). Antique works of art from Benin. London: Printed Privately.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Plankensteiner, B. (2007). Benin Kings and Rituals : Court Arts from Nigeria. Ghent: Snoeck.

Exhibition catalogue , Book
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Plankensteiner, B. (2007). Benin: Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria. African Arts, 40(4), 74–87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447858

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Plankensteiner, B. (2007). Intrduction. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 21-40). Ghent: Snoeck.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Plankensteiner, B. (2010). Benin. Milan: 5 Continents Editions.

Book
Benin Court Art

Plankensteiner, B. (2016). The Benin treasures: Difficult legacy and contested heritage. In B. Hauser-Schäublin & L. V. Prott (Eds.), Cultural Property and Contested Ownership: The Trafficking of Artefacts and the Quest for Restitution (pp. 132–166). London: Routledge.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Plankensteiner, B. (Ed.). (2022). Benin. Geraubte Geschichte. Hamburg: Museum am Rothenbaum Kulturen und Künste der Welt.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Powell-Cotton, P. H. G. (1932). 329. Benin Brass Castings and Handicrafts in the Cameroons. Man, 32, 284–284. https://doi.org/10.2307/2789807

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Pugh, C. L. (2022). “We shall be telling our own stories”: Bernie Grant, the Africa Reparations Movement, and the restitution of the Benin bronzes. Politique Africaine, 165(1), 143–166.

Journal Article
Restitution

Pugh, C. L. (2022). “We shall be telling our own stories”: Bernie Grant, the Africa Reparations Movement, and the restitution of the Benin bronzes. Politique Africaine, 165(1), 143–166. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-politique-africaine-2022-1-page-143.htm

Punch, C. (1908). 44. Further Note on the Relation of the Bronze Heads to the Carved Tusks, Benin City. Man, 8, 84–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/2839490

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

RISD Museum. (2022, November 10). RISD MUSEUM ANNOUNCES THE RETURN OF A BENIN BRONZE TO NIGERIAN NATIONAL COLLECTIONS. RISD Museum. https://risdmuseum.org/node/1175056

Raicovich, L. (2019, June 24). One Museum’s Complicated Attempt to Repatriate a “Benin Bronze” [Art News]. Hyperallergic. https://hyperallergic.com/506634/benin-bronze-head-interview/

Ratté, M. L. (1972). Imperial looting and the case of Benin. [Masters, University of Massachusetts Amherst]. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1898

Thesis
Benin History and Culture

Rawson. H. H. (1897) "Dispatches". The London Gazette, May 7, pp. 2517–2521.

Newspaper Article
Historical account

Read, C. H., & Dalton, O. M. (1899). Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the British Museum. British Museum. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p16028coll4,10013

Book
Benin Court Art

Read, C. H., & Dalton, O. M. (1899). Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the British Museum. British Museum. http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p16028coll4,10013

Book
Benin Court Art

Research Data Alliance International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group. (2019). "CARE Principles of Indigenous Data Governance". The Global Indigenous Data Alliance. https://www.gida-global.org/care

Webpage
Digital humanities

Reuther, S., & Schulze, S. (Eds.). (2018). Raubkunst? Die Bronzen aus Benin im Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg. Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe.

Exhibition catalogue
Provenance

Risam, R. (2019). New digital worlds: Postcolonial digital humanities in theory, praxis, and pedagogy. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Robinson, J. (2016, February 18). Jesus votes in cockerel row. Varsity. https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/9877

Roese, P. M. (1992). Kriegführung und Waffen im alten Benin (Südnigeria). Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift, 33, 364–392.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture

Rosen, N. (1989). Chalk Iconography in Olokun Worship. African Arts, 22(3), 44-53+88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3336778

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Roth, H. L. (1903). Great Benin: Its customs, art and horrors. Halifax: F. King & Sons, Ltd. http://archive.org/details/greatbeninitscus00roth

Book
Benin History and Culture

Roth. F. N. (1903). “A Diary of a Surgeon with the Benin Punitive Expedition”. In Roth, H. L. (1903). Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors. F. King & Sons.

Book section
Historical account

Rother, L., Koss, M., & Mariani, F. (2022). Taking Care of History: Toward a Politics of Provenance Linked Open Data in Museums. In E. L. Fry & E. Canning (Eds.), Perspectives on Data. Art Institute of Chicago. https://www.artic.edu/digital-publications/37/perspectives-on-data/25/taking-care-of-history

Ryder, A. F. C. (1969). Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. New York: Humanities Press. Accessible via: https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/486

Book
Benin History and Culture

Sales at Auction (1923). The Times, 18 April, p.9.

Newspaper Article
Provenance

Savary, C. P. D., & Paudrat, J.-L. (1978). Sculptures d’Afrique: Exposition, Collection Barbier-Müller, Genève, printemps-été 1978. introd. de Jean-Louis Paudrat. présentation [et réd. du catalogue] de Claude Savary. Collection Barbier-Müller.

Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Savoy, B. (2021). Afrikas Kampf um seine Kunst: Geschichte einer postkolonialen Niederlage. C. H. Beck.

Book
Restitution

Schaefer, S. (1983). Benin Commemorative Heads. In P. Ben-Amos & A. Rubin (Eds.), The Art of Power The Power of Art: Studies in Benin Iconography (pp. 51–58). Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, UCLA.

Book section, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Schlothauer, A., & Schultz, M. (2022). Die Benin-Sammlung der Reiss-Englehorn-Museen (rem) in Mannheim. Kunst & Kontext, 23, 40–79.

Journal Article
Provenance, Benin Court Art

Schultz, M. (2016). "Arthur Speyer – drei Generationen Sammler und Händler". KUNST&KONTEXT, February. (pp. 5-8).

Journal Article
Provenance

Sher, J. A. (1978). The use of computers in museums:present situation and problems. Museum International, XXX(n° 3/4), 132–138, illus.

Journal Article
Digital humanities

Siegenthaler, F., & Himmelsbach, M. (n.d.). Benin – Restitution as a Process. Linden-Museum Stuttgart en. Retrieved September 22, 2025, from https://sammlung-digital.lindenmuseum.de/en/topic/benin-restitution-as-a-process\_13206

Skowronek, T. B., DeCorse, C. R., Denk, R., Birr, S. D., Kingsley, S., Cook, G. D., et al. (2023) German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade. PLoS ONE 18(4): e0283415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283415

Smith, R. D., & Smith, R. B. (2000). A 16th-century Portuguese bronze breech-loading swivel gun in the British Museum. In P. Abbott (Ed.), Royal Armouries Yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 80–84). Royal Armouries, H.M Stationary Office.

Journal Article
Benin History and Culture, Provenance

Smith, R. S. (1976). Warfare and diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa. London : Methuen; New York: distributed by Harper & Row, Barnes and Noble Import Division. http://archive.org/details/warfarediplomacy0000smit

Book
African History

Sogbesan, O., & Laotan-Brown, T. (2022). Reflections on the Customary Laws of Benin Kingdom and Its Living Cultural Objects in the Discourse of Ownership and Restitution. Santander Art and Culture Law Review, 2022(2/2022 (8)), Article 2/2022 (8). https://doi.org/10.4467/2450050XSNR.22.011.17024

Journal Article
Restitution

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. (2022, April 7). First Restitution of Benin Bronzes from the Ethnologisches Museum. News. https://www.smb.museum/en/whats-new/detail/first-restitution-of-benin-bronzes-from-the-ethnologisches-museum-commemorative-head-and-relief-plaque/

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. (2022, August 25). Return of Benin Bronzes from the Ethnologisches Museum. What’s New. https://www.smb.museum/en/whats-new/detail/return-of-benin-bronzes-from-the-ethnologisches-museum-artefacts-now-in-nigerian-hands/

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. (2022, December 20). Return of the First Ten Benin Objects from the Ethnologisches Museum. News. https://www.smb.museum/en/whats-new/detail/return-of-the-first-ten-benin-objects-from-the-collection-of-the-staatliche-museen-zu-berlins-ethnologisches-museum/

Staples, A., Freyer, B., & Kaplan, F. E. S. (2017). Fragile Legacies: The Photographs of Solomon Osagie Alonge. National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution/National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria. In association with D. Giles Limited.

Book, Exhibition catalogue
Benin History and Culture, Benin Court Art

Statue for Wellesley; 1625 Bronze to Be Featured at Art Show Tomorrow. (1955, November 20). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1955/11/20/archives/statue-for-wellesley-1625-bronze-to-be-featured-at-art-show.html

Newspaper Article
Provenance

Stein, S. A. (2008). Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300127362.001.0001

Book
Cultural History, Provenance

Stephens, S. (2022, January 27). Glasgow Life receives Benin return request. Museums Association. https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2022/01/glasgow-life-receives-benin-return-request/

Stevens, J. C. (1897). A Catalogue of Curiosities from Benin (Captured at the fall of the City) consisting of carved ivory tusks, bronzes, plaques, castings, &c., 38 King Street, Covent Garden, London, August 24 1897. London: Pettitt & Cox.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stevens, J. C. (1898). Curiosities. To be sold on Monday, April 4th, 1898. London: Pettitt & Cox.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stevens, J. C. (1898). _Curiosities. To be sold on Monday, March 7th, 1898. _London: Pettitt & Cox.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stevens, J. C. (1902). A Catalogue of Benin Bronzes, Cast & Hammered Brass, Wrought iron, Carved Ivory & Wood. Pettitt & Cox.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stevens, J. C. (1909). A Catalogue of African Curios & Trophies, Benin Bronzes, Ivory Carvings etc. The Collection of Dr. W. J. Ansorge. Pettitt & Cox; Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. https://smb.museum-digital.de/pdf/object/182811.pdf

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stevens’s Auction Rooms Ltd. (1928). Benin Bronzes and Ivories, collected by Ralph Locke, Esq. Furniture, Pictures, China, etc. 3 January, 1928.

Auction catalogue
Provenance

Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz & Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2022). Agreement on the Return of Benin Bronzes between the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. https://www.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de/fileadmin/user_upload_SPK/documents/presse/pressemitteilungen/2023/Agreement_Benin_Bronzes.pdf

Restitution
Restitution

Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. (2022, January 7). Erste deutsche Rückgabe von „Benin-Bronzen“. News. https://www.preussischer-kulturbesitz.de/news-detail/artikel/2022/07/01/erste-deutsche-rueckgabe-von-benin-bronzen.html

Stoecker, H. (2022). „... Schweigend umgehen“. Zum Umgang der DDR mit Forderungen nach Rückgabe von Museumsobjekten kolonialer Provenienz. In L. Cladders & K. Kratz-Kessemeier (Eds.), Museen in der DDR. Akteure—Orte—Politik (pp. 127–148). Köln: Böhlau.

Book section
Cultural History, Provenance

Struck, B. (1923). Chronologie der Benin-Altertümer. Zeitschrift Für Ethnographie, 15(5/6), 113–166. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23031566

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Sunderland, D. (2013). Managing the British Empire: The Crown Agents, 1833-1914. Boydell Press.

Book
History

Survey of GLAM open access policy and practice (Douglas McCarthy and Dr. Andrea Wallace, CC BY 4.0, 2018 to present). (2018). Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/1/d/1WPS-KJptUJ-o8SXtg00llcxq0IKJu8eO6Ege_GrLaNc/edit?usp=embed_facebook&usp=embed_facebook

Webpage
Digital humanities

Suzanne Preston Blier. (1998). The Royal Arts of Africa: The Majesty of Form. New York: H.N. Abrams. http://archive.org/details/royalartsofafric00blie

Book
African Art History

Sydow, E. von. (1943). Im reiche gottähnlicher herrscher: Streifzüge durch West-afrika. Gustav Wenzel & Sohn.

Book
Historical account

Thode-Arora, H. (1992). Die Familie Umlauff und ihre Firmen–Ethnographica-Händler in Hamburg. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Museum Für Völkerkunde Hamburg, 22, 143–158.

Journal Article
Provenance

Thomas, N. W. (1910). Anthropological report on the Edo-speaking peoples of Nigeria. Harrison and Sons. http://archive.org/details/anthropologicalr00thom

Book
Benin History and Culture

Thomas, N. W. (1910). Anthropological report on the Edo-speaking peoples of Nigeria. London: Harrison and Sons. http://archive.org/details/anthropologicalr00thom

Book
Benin History and Culture

Through the swamps to Benin. (1897). Macmillan’s Magazine, 75, 336–342. https://archive.org/embed/macmillansmagazi75macmuoft

Magazine Article
Historical account

Thylstrup, N. B. (2018). The politics of mass digitization. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Book
Digital humanities

Tunis, I. L. (1979). Origins, chronology and metallurgy of the Benin Wall bas-reliefs [M. Phil, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/cdcdd4beed7b81c6640c288cd4fdbf44/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y

Turner, H. (2015). Decolonizing Ethnographic Documentation: A Critical History of the Early Museum Catalogs at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(5–6), 658–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2015.1010112

Journal Article
Cultural History

Turner, H. (2020). Cataloguing culture: Legacies of colonialism in museum documentation. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.

Book
Cultural History

University of Aberdeen. (2021, October 29). Ceremony to complete the return of the Benin bronze held by the University of Aberdeen. - YouTube [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4R\_6HcaMFPw

Usuanlele, U. (1988). State and Class in Benin Division 1897-1959: A History of Colonial Domination and Class Formation [Masters]. Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences: Ahmadu Bello University.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Usuanlele, U. (2003). Colonialism and The Environment: The Deforestation of The Rainforest of the Benin and Ishan Divisions, 1897-1960 [PhD]. University of Ibadan.

Thesis
Benin History and Culture

Usuanlele, U. (2018). The Oramiyan-Eweka Dynasty. In Benin Traditional Council (Ed.). The Benin Monarchy: Anthology of Benin History (pp. 49–58). Benin City: Wells-Crimson and Oba Ewuare II Foundation

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Usuanlele, U. (2024). Diasporas and Ethnic Identities in Africa: The Edo ne Ekue among the Northeast Yoruba, 1485–1995. Rowman & Littlefield. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781666943313/Diasporas-and-Ethnic-Identities-in-Africa-The-Edo-ne-Ekue-among-the-Northeast-Yoruba-1485–1995

Usuanlele, U. (Ed.). (2020). Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien. Benin City: Institute for Benin Studies.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Uwa-Igbinoba, I. B. E. (2014). Aspects of Ẹdo Greetings: Uniqueness and Significance. Benin City: Ivie Cultural Organisation.

Book
Benin History and Culture

Uwa-Igbinoba, I. B. E. (2020). Perceptions of Women in Edo Proverbs. In U. Usuanlele (Ed.), Benin Studies Under the Scalpel: Essays in Honour of Dr. Ekhaguosa Aisien (pp. 372–386). Institute for Benin Studies.

Book section
Benin History and Culture

Vane, O. (2019). Timeline design for visualising cultural heritage data [PhD, Royal College of Art]. https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/4325/1/TimelineDesignForVisualisingCulturalHeritageData_OliviaVane_redacted.pdf

Thesis
Digital humanities

Vogel, S. M. (1978). Art and Politics: A Staff from the Court of Benin, West Africa. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 13, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1512713

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Vogel, S. M. (1983). Rapacious Birds and Severed Heads: Early Bronze Rings from Nigeria. Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, 10, 330–357. https://doi.org/10.2307/4104344

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Völger, G. (2007). Curator, Trader, Benin Scholar. Felix von Luschan—An Austrian in Royal-Prussian Museum Service. In B. Plankensteiner (Ed.), Benin Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria (pp. 213–225). Ghent: Snoeck.

Exhibition catalogue
Provenance

Waibel, G., LeVan, R. R., & Washburn, B., OCLC Research. (2010). Museum data exchange: Learning how to share : final report to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2010/2010-02.pdf

Report
Digital humanities

Wallace, A. (2021). Decolonization and Indigenization. Open GLAM. https://openglam.pubpub.org/pub/decolonization/release/1

Blog Post
Digital humanities

Walter, M., Kukutai, T., Carroll, S. R., & Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2020). Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy (M. Walter, T. Kukutai, S. R. Carroll, & D. Rodriguez-Lonebear, Eds.; 1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429273957

Book
Digital humanities

Waterfield, H., & King, J. (2006). Provenance. Twelve Collectors of Ethnographic Art in England, 1760-1990. Paris, Geneva: Somogy Barbier-Mueller Museum.

Book
Provenance

Webster, W. D. & Leen, J. G. B. (2017). W.D. Webster Illustrated Catalogue of Ethnographical Specimens - Second Edition: Indexed Photographic Reference. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Book, Sales catalogue
Provenance

Webster, W. D. (1899). Illustrated Catalogue of Ethnological Specimens. European and Eastern Arms and Armour. Prehistoric and Other Curiosities (Vol. 3). Bicester: Oxford House.

Book, Sales catalogue
Provenance

Welsh, S. 2021. Manchester Museum Benin Survey. www.stxwelsh.com, for full digitised report, see the Manchester Museum archives space on Digital Benin.

Report
Provenance

Werner, O. (1970). Metallurgische Untersuchungen der Benin-Bronzen des Museums für Völkerkunde Berlin. Teil I. Beitrag zur Systematik der Benin-Legierungen. Baessler-Archiv, 18, 71–153.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Werner, O. (1978). Metallurgische Untersuchungen der Benin-Bronzen des Museums für Völkerkunde Berlin. Teil I. Beitrag zur Frage der Datierung der Messinge und der Herkunft des Rohmaterials. Baessler-Archiv, 26, 333–439.

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Whitehead, C. (2009). Museums and the construction of disciplines: Art and archaeology in nineteenth-century Britain. London: Duckworth.

Book
Cultural History

Wikipedia (2022). Merton Simpson. Accessed on July 5 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Simpson

Webpage
Provenance

Wille, R. (2019). Ausgezeichnet: Künstlerinnen des Inventar. Museum am Rothenbaum – Kulturen und Künste der Welt (MARKK).

Book
Provenance

Willett, F. (1973). Kenneth Murray: Through the Eyes of His Friends. African Arts, 6(4), 2–93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334793

Journal Article
History

Willett, F. (1973). The Benin Museum Collection. African Arts, 6(4), 8–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334794

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Willett, F., & Sayre, E. V. (2000). The Elemental Composition of Benin Memorial Heads*. Archaeometry, 42(1), 159–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00874.x

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Willett, F., Torsney, B., & Ritchie, M. (1994). Composition and Style: An Examination of the Benin ‘Bronze’ Heads. African Arts, 27(3), 61–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/3337202

Journal Article
Benin Court Art

Wotzlaw, S. (2022, December 15). Stadt Köln gibt Benin-Hofkunstwerke an Nigeria zurück. Stadt Köln. https://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/presseservice/stadt-koeln-gibt-benin-hofkunstwerke-nigeria-zurueck-1

Zetterstrom-Sharp, J. T., & Wingfield, C. (2019). A ‘safe space’ to debate colonial legacy? The University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and the campaign to return a looted Benin altarpiece to Nigeria. Museum Worlds, 7(1), 1–22.

Journal Article
Restitution

Zoe S. Strother. (2017). “Breaking juju,” breaking trade: Museums and the culture of iconoclasm in southern Nigeria. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 67–68, 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1086/692780

catalogue !

Östberg, W. (2010). Whose objects? Art treasures from the kingdom of Benin in the collection of the Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Etnografiska museet. https://archive.org/details/whoseobjectsartt0000unse

Book, Exhibition catalogue
Benin Court Art

Ọbazee, G. O. (2025). A New Edo-English Dictionary. Institute for Benin Studies.

Book
Benin History and Culture
Sensitive Content

Digital Benin collates digital material from institutions, and some of this material is inherently colonial and contains words, terms and phrases that are inaccurate, derogatory and harmful towards African and African diasporic communities. Catalogue transcriptions, book titles, exhibition titles and museum titles may contain harmful terms. We recognise the potential for the material to cause physical and mental distress as well as evoke strong emotions. Owing to the scale of the collection’s data, a process to implement sensitive-content warnings in the displayed data is still incomplete. The material within the catalogue does not represent Digital Benin’s views. Digital Benin maintains a strong anti-colonial, anti-racist position and affirms its support for centring the humanity of historically marginalised and disenfranchised communities. Read more about the background of this statement here