OBJEKTE_ID
1709153
Edo designations
English designations
Relief Plaque
Categories
Palace Architecture & Ornamentation
Location
Johannispl. 5-11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Iconographies

5 annotations
hairstyles
Eto
hairstyles

Hairstyles are used to determine a person's status in the society, as chiefs, common folks, chief's wives and the wives of the Ọba all wear different hairstyles. We have Okuku, Ikpe~okhokho, Idu~akpata

1 annotation
Eto
Ẹgba
Bracelets

Ẹgba (bracelets) are worn as part of ceremonial costumes and could be made of brass, bronze, iron, ivory or wood. The material determines the status of the individual wearing it, as the Ọba controls the use and production of brass, bronze and ivory. Ẹgba is the designation used to describe bracelets worn around the upper arm that could potentially become amulets by putting charms or medicine in them.

1 annotation
Ẹgba
Ikharo
Forehead markings

Ikharo are linear keloid markings depicted on the forehead of Uhunmwu-Elao (commemorative heads) in groups of three or four above each eye. The exact meaning of Ikharo is debated; some have argued that they relate to the gender or tribal identification of the person on whom they are depicted. For example, has argued that they were worn only by men; however, their use in depictions is not consistent with this, and the Iy’Ọba are also shown wearing them. argued that they are instead a stylistic feature employed by artists that varied over time.

The naming of these markings differs between publications. For example, describe these markings as “agbaguda n'ehae”, which they write translates literally as “blades of the forehead”. However, later went on to call these “ikharo”, as used here. referred to these forehead markings as ikharo, meaning “tribal mark [of eye]”.

1 annotation
Ikharo
tribal marks
Iwu
Facial and Body Markings

Iwu are facial and body markings (scarifications) that were historically worn by Edo men and women. However, since the 1960s, the practice has been nearly extinct (Aisien 2011). In the past, Iwu were used as a way of proving that one was an Edo citizen, and the ceremony of having Iwu completed was an important rite of passage for men and women. The Osiwu, who also practised circumcision and other surgical procedures, would carry out the procedure of adding Iwu. There are different types of Iwu: ‘blades’ worn on the torso (Iwu-eko), and those worn on the face, such as Ikharo (three or four markings above the eyebrows), Irho (two narrow ‘blades’ worn on each cheek), Ovbihue (nasal ‘blades’), Ovbi-agbanmwen (chin ‘blade’), and Igho-okpa/Ukpgho (three forehead ‘blades’) (Aisien 2011, p. 22).

The number of Iwu also varied depending on the identity of the person wearing them. For example, royal men would wear six ‘blades’ on their torso, whilst men who were not royal would wear seven ‘blades’. Meanwhile, the Ọba’s female children would wear fifteen ‘blades’, and all other women would wear sixteen (Aisien 2011).

1 annotation
Iwu
Emada
Palace Page

The Emada (singular: Omada) are palace pages who serve the Ọba and belong to the Iwegue Palace Society. Standing at the Ọba’s side, they carry the stately Ada (ceremonial sword) during public appearances and are therefore sometimes referred to as “Ada bearers” ( ). Emada typically served the Ọba for between six and twenty years, beginning in childhood. At the end of their service, the Ọba would provide each Omada with a wife and a plot of land, formally releasing him from palace service and marking his transition into adulthood (Kaplan 2007, p. 149).

Although the institution of the Emada predates his reign, Ọba Adolo was the first to allow his palace pages to train in woodcarving. This led to the development of a distinctive carving style and visual language that differed from that of the Igbesamwan, the royal guild of wood and ivory carvers.

Emada are consistently depicted naked, signifying their unmarried status ( ; ), and are most commonly shown accompanying representations of the Ọba. In addition to carrying the Ada, they may hold Ẹzuzu (fans), used to cool the Ọba, or Ugianranran (manillas), which signal wealth and overseas trade ( ). Emada appear across several types of Emwin Arhe (royal treasures), particularly Ama-Ẹrọnmwọn (bronze relief plaques), Aken'ni Elao (carved tusks), and Urhotọ (altar tableaux).

1 annotation
Emada

Provenance

5 events
Production
1504 (approximate) to 1550 (approximate)
The object was produced by Unknown member(s) of the Igun-Ẹrọnmwọn guild in Benin City.
Looted
February 22, 1897 (day approximate) to June 1899 (year approximate)
The object was looted by February 1897 Unknown member of the British colonial military campaign on Benin from Benin Kingdom.
Unknown
February 22, 1897 (day approximate) to 1903
The object is known to have come into contact with William Downing Webster, later in London.
Purchase
1903
The object was purchased by Arthur Baessler from William Downing Webster from London to Berlin.
Donation
1903
The object was donated by Arthur Baessler to the Staatliche Ethnographische Sammlungen Sachsen und Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden from Berlin to Dresden.

Related archival documents

1 documents
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Date

Institution data

Staatliche Ethnographische Sammlungen Sachsen und Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden
The data was transferred directly by the institution.
Last updated: 2021-09-28
Language: german
Institution fieldValue
INV_NR
object id
16606
OBJEKTE_ID
object id
1709153
KURZTITEL
designation
Reliefplatte mit Höflingen
Object-name-and-materials
designation
material
Reliefplatte mit zwei Emada (Höflingen), Gelbguss
TITEL
designation
Reliefplatte mit zwei Emada (Höflingen);Bronzeplatte mit 2 nackten Männern
INTERNETKOMMENTAR
description
notes
Die Höflinge gehörten der Palastgruppe der Emada (Schwertträger) an und standen dem König Oba persönlich zu Diensten. (MVD, S. D.)
KATALOGTEXT
description
MATERIAL
material
Metall;Bronze
MASSEBEMERKUNG
dimensions
47,0 x 29,5 x 7,5 cm|47 x 29,5 cm (lt. Karteikarte)
MASSETABANGABE
dimensions
Gesamt
MASSETABBEMERKUNG
dimensions
MASSETABBREITE
dimensions
29,5
MASSETABDURCHMESSER
dimensions
MASSETABEINHEITLAENGE
dimensions
cm
MASSETABEINHEITLAENGE_IDS
dimensions
1
MASSETABHOEHE
dimensions
47
MASSETABTIEFE
dimensions
7,5
Dimensions_weight
weight
H: 47,0 cm W: 29,5 cm X: 7,5 cm
MASSETABEINHEITGEWICHT
weight
MASSETABEINHEITGEWICHT_ID
weight
MASSETABGEWICHT
weight
OBJEKTBEZ
object type
Plastik
KONVOLUT
provenance
object count
Sammlung Arthur Baessler; SES Benin-Objekte; William D. Webster, London; SES Dossier Benin-Objekte, Überlieferung an die Kontaktstelle für Sammlungsgut aus kolonialen Kontexten
ORT_DATUM_BIS
date made
1897;1903
ORT_DATUM_KONKRET
date made
';'
ORT_DATUM_VON
date made
;
MATTECHBEMERKUNG
production technique
Gelbguss
TECHNIK
production technique
gegossen
ORTE
production place
Federal Republic of Nigeria;Benin City
ORTZEITBEMERKUNG
production place
Königreich Benin, vor 1897
Ort_Zeit-Bemerkung
production place
Königreich Benin, vor 1897
REGIONEN
production place
Benin
Collector/Previous-owner
prior source
Arthur Baessler, Berlin, purchased from William D. Webster, London, in 1903
ERWERBUNG
prior source
Schenkung 1903 von Arthur Baessler, Berlin (Nr. 4)
PERSON
prior source
unbekannt;Baessler, Arthur;Webster, William Downing
Acquisition-Details
provenance
Donated by Arthur Baessler, Berlin
EIGENTUEMER
provenance
SES/Freistaat Sachsen
PROVENIENZ
provenance
William D. Webster, London (bis 1903); Arthur Baessler, Berlin (erworben 1903 von William D. Webster, bis 1903)
PROVENIENZSTATUS
provenance
SKD-Eigentum
EREIGNISSE
event
Herstellung;Provenienz;Provenienz
ETHNIEN
ethnic attribution
Institution
department and institution
Staatliche Ethnographische Sammlungen Sachsen - Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden
MUSEUM
department and institution
MVD
Institutional-acquisition-date
accession date
1903
Comments
notes
Arthur Baessler, 1857-1907, German Ethnologist and Athropologist; William Downing Webster, 1868-1913, English Dealer and Collector of Ethnographica
PRAESENZ
display status
nicht ausgestellt
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
bibliography
Silvia Dolz: Schätze aus Afrika: Benin. Die Schenkung Baessler [Ausst.Kat.]. Dresden, 2006|Falgayrettes, Christiane (Hrsg.): Arts d'Afrique. Paris, 2000|Webster, W. D.: Illustrated Catalogue of Ethnographical Specimens. Bd. 29 (Mai). Bicester, 1901
ERWAEHNTIN
bibliography
MVD, 2006, S. 23 u. Abb. 44|Falgayrettes, 2000, S. 38|Webster, 1901, N. 29 fig. 25
LITERATUR
bibliography
Gunsch, K.W.: The Benin Plaques: A Singular Monument. in: Art. N° 88 Summer 2018. S. 98-113|
LIT_LITERATUR
bibliography
Deimel 2006 [Schätze aus Afrika, ...]
BILDUNTERSCHRIFT
images
Übernahme Altdaten|Region original: Großregion => Westafrika; Land => Nigeria; Gebiet => Benin|Ethnie original: kein Eintrag|Region bei Datenübergabe: Afrika>Westafrika>Nigeria>Benin
ALTINVENTARE
AUTHENTIZITAETSZUSATZ
;;
AUTHZUSAETZE_IDS
;;
Additional-IDs
11393 (original number)
Dokumentname
16606_2
EREIGNISSE_IDS
12;15;15
ETHNIEN_IDS
ETH_AUTHZUSAETZE
ETH_AUTHZUSAETZE_IDS
ETH_EREIGNISSE
ETH_EREIGNIS_IDS
FERTIG
1
FLAG
EXP
FOTOFELD
Neg. 1272, Neg.Tasche Nr. 322/27,28
FUNKTION
Hersteller;Schenker;Händler
GEAENDERT_AM
14.06.2021
GLEICHRANGIG
GND_ID_OBEZ
22955
GND_ID_SCHLAGWORT
116012;149745;22976;24148
GRUNDDATEN
1
INTERNETFREIGABE
1
INVENTURDATUM
INVNR_MERKMALE_IDS
581
KONVOLUTE_IDS
582;959;1409;1191
KOORDINATEN
(10 8);(6,33504 5,62749)
LEIHVERKEHR
LIT_ABBILDUNG
44
LIT_BAND_SEITE
Seite 45
LIT_BEMERKUNG
farbig
LIT_LITERATUR_IDS
821
LIT_NUMMERE
LIT_STA_INETFREIGABE
1
MAND_ID
1
MATERIALIEN_IDS
1233;1116
MERKMAL
Originalnummer
MUSEEN_ID
35
ORTE_IDS
2328926;2347283
ORT_AUTHZUSAETZE
;
ORT_AUTHZUSAETZE_IDS
;
ORT_BEZUG
;
ORT_EREIGNISSE
Herstellung;Sammelereignis
ORT_EREIGNISSE_IDS
12;17
PND_BEZUG
;;
PND_FUNKTIONEN_IDS
-2;133;645
PND_INETFREIGABE
1;0;1
PND_PERSONEN_IDS
12797488;12106249;12821279
PRAESENZEN_WERT_ID
-67
PROVSTATUS_WERT_ID
-43
REGIONEN_IDS
612
REG_EREIGNISSE
Sammelereignis
REG_EREIGNIS_IDS
17
SAMMLUNG
Afrika
SAMMLUNGEN_ID
535
SCHLAGWORT
Hofstaat;Höfling;Platte;Relief
TECHNIKEN_IDS
75
UNTERGEORDNET
VORLAGEN
WEITERE_NUMMERN
11393
WISSENSCHAFT
1
XRAY
###
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